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熊市会放大任何一个可能的利空,这次轮到stETH。 / Q# L7 ^ Y2 O
从上周五开始,市场上关于stETH脱钩清算的恐慌情绪持续蔓延,这其中很大一部分源于对stETH的不了解。对此,本文整理出关于stETH的8个常识,以降低大量误解带来的不必要影响。 , _) o5 g! I, q# f6 i2 s: y' _5 o
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" f& a) c5 L: f1 w3 estETH不会是下一个UST 4 Y# H5 i4 k" i5 r) O. k+ y0 _8 p
stETH是质押在以太坊信标链上的ETH,且完全由信标链上的ETH1:1支持,即1枚stETH=1枚质押中的ETH。
' @5 J4 ]( ]$ U4 e6 O# l8 W当以太坊合并完成,且信标链开放提现功能时,用户持有1枚stETH可以兑换1枚ETH,因此任何将它与UST等抵押不足的稳定币的比较都是错误的。
H, z/ J3 h4 {1 Z2 n02
1 Z$ s1 q; u2 m. o& w! Y+ {5 x: istETH不是GBTC 7 W3 x1 w! g& d9 b, r
stETH是一种ERC20代币,在不断发展的DeFi生态系统中有很高的实用性。
e/ d) i+ G- I f; N1 v3 X它自带一个原生的收益率,这是你单独持有ETH所不能获取的。市场里有很多人都愿意为此承担套利风险。
) }. v6 |9 F0 h$ J; S+ e& z7 C" A03 % q ?. q; P. f: k. _6 f% ~: [- y
stETH价格不一定与ETH挂钩
7 K5 L- n) I4 R y6 }stETH与ETH并没有一个固定的挂钩率,无论二级市场的估值如何,它都会继续被质押。
4 e/ s" \# V) Q; n现在能在二级市场上将stETH换成ETH只是为了方便,但同时你也会得到市场对它的估价。 0 P% I3 x$ W5 H; d, b. c+ P
04
' P, Z4 w4 W2 p+ p) b+ O6 ~3 UstETH存在套利机会 ) r5 Q, U& J9 Z3 p+ S
一般来说,只要存款没有上限,stETH就不会以高于1ETH的价格交易。 : Q8 ?4 I- I. l" d' y* \+ r% f0 J5 M
因为其中存在套利: 2 b+ c- O! v2 c% G
如果1stETH=1.05ETH,那么我可以将1ETH存入Lido,得到1stETH,在二级市场以1.05ETH的价格出售,获利0.05ETH,这种方式也会推低stETH的价格。 " l; J1 K2 A" ?7 l6 N: j/ D
当stETH的赎回开放后,市场有一个奏效的套利方式: ( u1 r5 E# _2 {2 Z; M( J. e* v, Y
如果stETH以0.95ETH交易,那么我可以用0.95ETH买入1stETH,然后将其赎回1ETH,获得0.05ETH的利润,这种方式会推高stETH的价格。 & ~' {7 J# r' A
05 7 ?6 K( Q U; T& c% S! P2 M1 N; W7 y
即使合并,赎回仍要等6-12个月 - n% |! ?% b3 E3 s
需要注意的是,以太坊合并之后,需要等待状态转换的分叉,这可能需要6-12个月,此时的stETH仍然无法从信标链中赎回ETH。赎回开放后,信标链上还有一个赎回队列,一次可以取消质押的ETH数量是有限制的。 ) E1 b( O' Q2 J+ K: D9 V
06
0 Q U1 T: q' G5 F影响stETH价格的四大因素
" b& A" Z4 _6 A6 [4 A' w) B7 i有多种原因使stETH暂时高于/低于其抵押品价值,其中包括但不限于:
) L% N% U7 M1 U; y- G流动性溢价风险 Lido协议风险 信标链推迟风险 杠杆玩家清算风险 0 T2 `) B& }' d9 A/ {$ k, g5 s3 W
07 , y/ v4 A1 j$ k5 t; N) i" \
引发stETH清算的原因 ; H; B& R: M/ u% S5 D
杠杆清算风险是当前引发恐慌的最大原因。 ' z, c O7 J$ ^* R1 k# Y
前面提过,stETH是一个ERC20代币,可以在DeFi生态系统中用作抵押品,人们将stETH作为抵押品存入Aave,借入ETH,存入Lido以获取stETH,然后再重复这一过程。
: x+ p: u/ n7 O因此,如果人们继续在二级市场上卖出stETH,这些杠杆头寸可能会被清算,从而导致更大的清算级联。目前较大的做市商/操纵者已经退出,但仍有一些留在这里。
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}* i+ m% s# O! [" O0 q# H0 fCelsius可能会也可能不会遇到流动性问题,但他们持有大量的stETH被用作借入稳定币的抵押品。如果出售,这肯定会导致stETH的二级市场价格下降。
6 C. q. u, m: c; H& Y ~. Q4 d$ m! ^所有这一切的另一面是,无论二级市场如何评价stETH,stETH仍然被信标链上的ETH以1:1的比例支持。
1 l5 h1 V/ [- H X8 t根据您的时间偏好和风险承受能力,在低价时入手stETH会提高一定的收益水平。
7 v( x5 [7 \& f# Z例如,如果1stETH的交易价格为0.70ETH(也就是30%的折扣),并且以太坊抵押收益率保持4%的APR。在以太坊成功合并且开放赎回功能的这两年里,你将获得38%的APR,而不是普通质押者8%的收益率(以太坊质押不会自动产生复利)。
8 @5 g' q' r+ a3 B" W/ g* Q08
4 R9 q1 Y" k) G( ]! [3-5%的负溢价是正常的
. A" B2 m) `1 D9 S" H那么,是否值得为了收益率而去冒Lido漏洞和流动性不足的风险?
1 S2 i3 R" p$ t+ g不是每个人都能接受,但某些套利者一定会做。虽然清算级联很惨,stETH的二级市场价格暂时不会是1:1ETH,但这并不会导致死亡螺旋。 ( K" _) }! M; N
我认为,等这波恐慌过去后,stETH可能仍会以低于抵押品价值的价格交易,可能是3-5%的负溢价,这在很大程度上取决于市场情绪。但无论如何,信标链将继续,DeFi会继续,Lido也会继续。 z& m, B. l h. _8 q
来源:金色财经 |
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