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本帖最后由 实习版主1 于 2018-6-21 14:46 编辑
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天朝博弈史% }: V0 h9 @% Y; n6 ]( T
# \3 r+ \8 ~* Q {6 C博弈即Dubo，是人类最容易上瘾的行为之一。Dubo的工具可以是动物，有斗鸡、斗鹌鹑、斗画眉、斗鹪鹩、斗蟋蟀以及斗鸭、斗鹅，还有赛马、走狗等。也可以是棋牌类，如：六博、樗蒲、塞戏、弹棋、围棋、马吊、麻将、押宝、花会、字宝等。
9 `5 D1 C& F# P, N$ Z7 U许慎《说文》载：“古者乌曹作博。”乌曹是夏桀的臣子。最早在夏桀时，即发展出六博的游戏，《说文》称：“（六博）局戏也，六箸十二棋也。古者乌曹作簙。” , W* `5 V* C) e
《史记·殷本纪》上说，武帝乙“为偶人，谓之天神，与之博”。
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1 a5 `: I5 f- f! N6 T9 h6 a→春秋战国, `, d/ h" ^! l2 R& j
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《列子·说符》载，大梁虞姓富户好博戏，每日开设博局招赌，四方赌徒闻风而来。
5 A4 _" A( f0 G《史记·苏秦列传》殷本纪载齐国临淄“临淄之中七万户……其民无不吹笙、鼓瑟、击筑、弹琴、斗鸡、走犬、六博、踏鞠者。”。
: b: |, {* Y0 s, r& A《穆天子传》上说穆王“北入于邴，与井公博，三日而决”
. H4 t0 h2 j: }《史记·宋微子世家》记载渭公与大夫南宫万在外狩猎时作六博戏，双方发生冲突，渭公说南宫万曾作过俘虏，南宫万大怒，用六博盘砸死渭公。- X' ~: C% L) k* q" W6 h- D
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《左传》载季氏斗鸡。 . x6 s2 I0 D# y. N
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→汉朝
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5 x: t: z J* X) t+ h汉武帝时，翮侯黄遂因赌被判处带刑具服苦役。另外两名翮侯张拾、蔡辟方也因赌被削爵，赌风稍有收敛
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晋朝' G1 u7 N: ] _7 M, a
z3 R$ E* ~; x: e. E% f; y, ~/ R东晋谢安在淝水之战时，“命驾出山墅亲朋毕集，方与玄(谢玄)围棋赌别墅。安常棋劣于玄，是日玄惧，便为敌手而不胜。安顾谓其甥云：‘以墅乞汝’安遂游涉，至夜乃还。”
+ t( u) W) J+ t5 H3 E→4 d' a! X- P0 E- d8 R
0 i% Y3 P3 z0 k3 g" ?/ r唐朝: S' ?! f6 z" ]% `0 B; r
" p% i( ~0 C. |0 E, k+ @' P唐朝流行叶子戏，是骨牌戏的一种。唐玄宗跟杨贵妃常玩“叶子戏”。《咸定录》载“咸通以来， 天下尚之”。至明朝时成为“马吊”，最终演化为“麻将牌”。 →
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宋朝8 P. {- V- E- D J
7 B& v* _: Y4 V! |& o- x# ^) _% Q北宋初年禁赌甚严，在京城Dubo者一律处斩，《宋史·太宗纪》载：太宗“淳化二年闰二月己丑，诏京城蒲博者，开封府捕之，犯者斩”。 / o$ T, F2 R6 a6 [0 Z. a% U2 \
苏轼在《奏议十四·乞降度牒修定禁军营房状》中指出：京城有“柜坊百余户”、“招军民Dubo”。宋西湖老人的《西湖老人繁盛录》载“中作夜场”，以“赌赛输赢”。1 ^* {3 r4 R) L6 t
' \! s, J+ c1 n7 `6 R# Y8 y《宋史·贾似道传》：“似道，少落魄，为游博，不事操行。 ”元兵南下，宋宋岌岌可危，“时襄阳围已急，似道日坐葛岭，起楼阁亭榭，取宫人娼尼有美色者为妾，日淫乐其中。惟故博徒日至纵博。”
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# }& N/ ?4 E1 g* V' v( l1 ^+ I辽、金/ n4 t3 |! b- Q" M" ^6 |7 x/ J/ e
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辽道宗“晚年倦勤，用人不能自择，令各掷骰子，以彩胜者官之。”" a, D. {7 U$ Y8 H' h7 v q
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明朝: f' m! ?7 D0 ^
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明朝盛行马吊，王崇简《冬夜笺记》说：“士大夫好之（马吊），穷日累夜，若痴若狂。”文人士子多热衷此道，冯梦龙还写有《马吊牌经》。吴伟业的《绥冠纪略》认为明朝亡于马吊。
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4 _! j0 o' ~8 d# `. q: f( k: E. V清朝" I6 a' i2 h; L. x* C. {" |
" t/ K: Z; H, E2 h% ~《大清律例》中规定：“反Dubo，不分兵民，俱枷号两月”：凡民人“开场诱引Dubo，经旬累月，聚集无赖放头、抽头者，初犯杖一百，徒三年：再犯杖一百，流三千里”。 6 }( G! K% m8 |* B9 e% V
# c5 B# C( p$ r康熙“莅位之初，即用为大禁。”“由是斗狠酗博之羌民，屏息而不敢出，内则五城衙巷市井之贼日稀，外则商旅恬安，宵行夜宿，少遭劫盗，田畴益治，并里宴眠”。 1 `* Z; X) z( l3 Y1 y h5 P* R9 H' Q1 X
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雍正时对Dubo一再严禁，“日夜严缉”，史载“道路少响马及老瓜贼而商旅以宁，Dubo及造赌具者渐已改业而家室以安”。
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清人吴文晖曾写有《赌徒》一诗：“相唤相互日征逐，野狐迷人无此酷，一场纵赌几家贫，后车推鉴前车覆。” 7 b3 R; t1 ^' \0 k3 F% k# ^
咸丰时，孝钦皇后嗜赌，经常与诸王福晋聚赌。沈梓称江浙一带“咸丰年赌风大盛”。《寇难琐记》亦称“Dubo之风，遍地盛行”。赵菁衫“嗜博成癖”，“一日不博，若荷重负”，赌技颇佳，“常胜不负，人至莫敢与角”[4]。: ]1 x* o( S* e5 M, q* q- d
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洪秀全定都天京，颁布《太平刑律》，规定Dubo者处以极刑，当街绞死。 * s4 V9 T0 g A. k& Y
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汪兆镛形容澳门的赌风：“赌馆林立，皆层楼崇敞，光怪陆离”。
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3 {0 E0 Z! ]! V同治、光绪年间，京师“遍九城皆有赌坊”。龚自珍嗜博，尤喜摇摊，“每战辄北，不三五次，资复全没”[5]。 , n/ X& j: F6 ~% e
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蒲松龄曾说：“天下之倾家者，莫速于赌；天下之败德者，亦莫甚于博”。# F+ W3 x1 a. M# R: `2 E- p" g
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张集馨《道咸宦海见闻录》记载一位赌徒名马书新，将家资赌尽。其妻之兄送她絮被，马又要以絮被作赌资。其妻不肯，被马用铡刀砍死。 8 r& U9 s* l6 [% x" I$ {
吴炽昌《续客窗闲话》卷七《斗鹑》中说：“禽之善斗者，有鸡、有画眉、有鹌鹑。斗鸡，古法也，而今亡矣。南人好斗画眉，北人好斗鹌鹑，惟山右为甚。富室贵胄，遇有俊物，不惜重价购之。……示日开圈，鹑客麇集，挟资千万。”
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光绪年间有无名氏的《早回头·劝戒Dubo》道：“……见几个为Dubo家产败尽，见几个为Dubo灭了人伦，见几个为Dubo与人拼命，见几个为Dubo昧了良心，见几个为Dubo提刀弄棍，见几个为Dubo黑夜撬门。世上人听我劝回头速醒，自古道久赌饿神仙难赢。” % v% T1 N/ Z+ E
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中华民国
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鲁迅在《伪自由书·观斗》里说：“最普通的是斗鸡，斗蟋蟀，南方有斗黄头鸟，斗画眉鸟，北方有斗鹌鹑，一群闲人们围着呆看，还因此赌输赢。”
& }$ Q/ \: C. [# v, u. y5 h1930年胡适写《漫游的感想》感叹道：“男人以打麻将为消闲，女人以打麻将为家常，老太婆以打麻将为下半生的大事业 ! ”“我们走遍世界，可曾看到哪一个长进的民族、文明的国家肯这样荒时废业的！” & S' l0 f* X7 } `' z
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