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4 `. B- r2 @& C9 L( t6 {$ ?6 o天朝博弈史
7 _( _! }8 J# [5 \# z# n1 i
( e1 R( Q- z% \博弈即Dubo，是人类最容易上瘾的行为之一。Dubo的工具可以是动物，有斗鸡、斗鹌鹑、斗画眉、斗鹪鹩、斗蟋蟀以及斗鸭、斗鹅，还有赛马、走狗等。也可以是棋牌类，如：六博、樗蒲、塞戏、弹棋、围棋、马吊、麻将、押宝、花会、字宝等。
: `3 C% D, {& p许慎《说文》载：“古者乌曹作博。”乌曹是夏桀的臣子。最早在夏桀时，即发展出六博的游戏，《说文》称：“（六博）局戏也，六箸十二棋也。古者乌曹作簙。”
* |) \3 ]! R: i/ U《史记·殷本纪》上说，武帝乙“为偶人，谓之天神，与之博”。
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→春秋战国& p5 m; v( ^ q* g5 [" F$ i
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《列子·说符》载，大梁虞姓富户好博戏，每日开设博局招赌，四方赌徒闻风而来。
1 Q3 W& C# Z7 d. G4 |, q《史记·苏秦列传》殷本纪载齐国临淄“临淄之中七万户……其民无不吹笙、鼓瑟、击筑、弹琴、斗鸡、走犬、六博、踏鞠者。”。
?5 {. o& Q9 `) f《穆天子传》上说穆王“北入于邴，与井公博，三日而决” % {0 i# ^, j _5 F
《史记·宋微子世家》记载渭公与大夫南宫万在外狩猎时作六博戏，双方发生冲突，渭公说南宫万曾作过俘虏，南宫万大怒，用六博盘砸死渭公。
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《左传》载季氏斗鸡。
\9 _( n1 @3 j/ X6 ?9 i1 ]$ c! p0 ^+ {/ \
→汉朝
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汉武帝时，翮侯黄遂因赌被判处带刑具服苦役。另外两名翮侯张拾、蔡辟方也因赌被削爵，赌风稍有收敛
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8 O x: b" M7 z" \5 g% |晋朝# ?0 m$ ]( h, ]+ F) w) v' q( o
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东晋谢安在淝水之战时，“命驾出山墅亲朋毕集，方与玄(谢玄)围棋赌别墅。安常棋劣于玄，是日玄惧，便为敌手而不胜。安顾谓其甥云：‘以墅乞汝’安遂游涉，至夜乃还。”
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唐朝
1 m( l6 `0 k& a# b5 v( x0 _/ q7 R6 F5 K( Z
唐朝流行叶子戏，是骨牌戏的一种。唐玄宗跟杨贵妃常玩“叶子戏”。《咸定录》载“咸通以来， 天下尚之”。至明朝时成为“马吊”，最终演化为“麻将牌”。 →# x7 Y. f, J* ?, w
9 F. ^: h! ?6 R' n8 p宋朝, Q% T7 _) f% G, f: D
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北宋初年禁赌甚严，在京城Dubo者一律处斩，《宋史·太宗纪》载：太宗“淳化二年闰二月己丑，诏京城蒲博者，开封府捕之，犯者斩”。
W0 q R+ q" P, t. {' A5 m! M) e苏轼在《奏议十四·乞降度牒修定禁军营房状》中指出：京城有“柜坊百余户”、“招军民Dubo”。宋西湖老人的《西湖老人繁盛录》载“中作夜场”，以“赌赛输赢”。1 z: [2 |* `2 ~7 j% C- b! n' K4 b
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《宋史·贾似道传》：“似道，少落魄，为游博，不事操行。 ”元兵南下，宋宋岌岌可危，“时襄阳围已急，似道日坐葛岭，起楼阁亭榭，取宫人娼尼有美色者为妾，日淫乐其中。惟故博徒日至纵博。”* f2 @! F' [3 D4 M0 N6 S" U9 I# {
5 u1 b! S, j6 @% {% a& H8 H→/ }0 L( c/ o: |
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! c. U4 i5 f4 P& y8 y, z, N+ J/ T: P辽、金
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辽道宗“晚年倦勤，用人不能自择，令各掷骰子，以彩胜者官之。”" H- ?$ p1 ^& z% _ a$ p) `
1 j% v5 o, u7 R' P) d5 }→3 `8 |% R; g4 y( M# x. k* i
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' a' S+ X2 g0 ~* l2 K/ d明朝( Z% l' F# C1 p8 w
/ I$ A% o/ u6 ^3 ~明朝盛行马吊，王崇简《冬夜笺记》说：“士大夫好之（马吊），穷日累夜，若痴若狂。”文人士子多热衷此道，冯梦龙还写有《马吊牌经》。吴伟业的《绥冠纪略》认为明朝亡于马吊。
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清朝
7 ?) u6 Z, x2 ~3 O: f
3 I. ]9 ~! ]/ \; k6 {《大清律例》中规定：“反Dubo，不分兵民，俱枷号两月”：凡民人“开场诱引Dubo，经旬累月，聚集无赖放头、抽头者，初犯杖一百，徒三年：再犯杖一百，流三千里”。
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4 q1 A* `+ d) k& ?+ D& b康熙“莅位之初，即用为大禁。”“由是斗狠酗博之羌民，屏息而不敢出，内则五城衙巷市井之贼日稀，外则商旅恬安，宵行夜宿，少遭劫盗，田畴益治，并里宴眠”。 K9 [7 u0 g3 u7 _) n7 Z) g$ K
; p& x$ F/ V* j- H$ u, p
雍正时对Dubo一再严禁，“日夜严缉”，史载“道路少响马及老瓜贼而商旅以宁，Dubo及造赌具者渐已改业而家室以安”。+ e& n4 x# }8 ?
o1 f! }5 ?, M8 ?9 p$ b5 @# j清人吴文晖曾写有《赌徒》一诗：“相唤相互日征逐，野狐迷人无此酷，一场纵赌几家贫，后车推鉴前车覆。” 5 W d- N9 w3 @5 u% W% v* ^/ a
咸丰时，孝钦皇后嗜赌，经常与诸王福晋聚赌。沈梓称江浙一带“咸丰年赌风大盛”。《寇难琐记》亦称“Dubo之风，遍地盛行”。赵菁衫“嗜博成癖”，“一日不博，若荷重负”，赌技颇佳，“常胜不负，人至莫敢与角”[4]。& _% s5 T. r! O- T
- `, O+ \6 ~% |洪秀全定都天京，颁布《太平刑律》，规定Dubo者处以极刑，当街绞死。
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汪兆镛形容澳门的赌风：“赌馆林立，皆层楼崇敞，光怪陆离”。 " I: O7 c* Y( Y+ r& O
9 u/ e# w9 |9 N: n1 W& k0 G: P N同治、光绪年间，京师“遍九城皆有赌坊”。龚自珍嗜博，尤喜摇摊，“每战辄北，不三五次，资复全没”[5]。
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2 ?5 E) g/ I# ~# L蒲松龄曾说：“天下之倾家者，莫速于赌；天下之败德者，亦莫甚于博”。7 y( l1 l4 B$ N9 O) Z$ v1 a0 s( `( E
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张集馨《道咸宦海见闻录》记载一位赌徒名马书新，将家资赌尽。其妻之兄送她絮被，马又要以絮被作赌资。其妻不肯，被马用铡刀砍死。 " w# D6 e( Q6 M* S& ~
吴炽昌《续客窗闲话》卷七《斗鹑》中说：“禽之善斗者，有鸡、有画眉、有鹌鹑。斗鸡，古法也，而今亡矣。南人好斗画眉，北人好斗鹌鹑，惟山右为甚。富室贵胄，遇有俊物，不惜重价购之。……示日开圈，鹑客麇集，挟资千万。”
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! `; O% r1 Y" c4 J光绪年间有无名氏的《早回头·劝戒Dubo》道：“……见几个为Dubo家产败尽，见几个为Dubo灭了人伦，见几个为Dubo与人拼命，见几个为Dubo昧了良心，见几个为Dubo提刀弄棍，见几个为Dubo黑夜撬门。世上人听我劝回头速醒，自古道久赌饿神仙难赢。” # h- k$ U5 h% ~
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中华民国
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/ ^+ f# G! @: K" W2 H鲁迅在《伪自由书·观斗》里说：“最普通的是斗鸡，斗蟋蟀，南方有斗黄头鸟，斗画眉鸟，北方有斗鹌鹑，一群闲人们围着呆看，还因此赌输赢。”
6 {4 w8 e9 } w, V7 l( P T' \1930年胡适写《漫游的感想》感叹道：“男人以打麻将为消闲，女人以打麻将为家常，老太婆以打麻将为下半生的大事业 ! ”“我们走遍世界，可曾看到哪一个长进的民族、文明的国家肯这样荒时废业的！”
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