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本帖最后由 实习版主1 于 2018-6-21 14:46 编辑 / e- `$ d, V {* G! i7 y* L
4 Y, D$ l# ^6 l% ]% Z. D6 j天朝博弈史
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: |& q- ]2 t" {1 { e% ]7 G博弈即Dubo，是人类最容易上瘾的行为之一。Dubo的工具可以是动物，有斗鸡、斗鹌鹑、斗画眉、斗鹪鹩、斗蟋蟀以及斗鸭、斗鹅，还有赛马、走狗等。也可以是棋牌类，如：六博、樗蒲、塞戏、弹棋、围棋、马吊、麻将、押宝、花会、字宝等。 2 D$ _+ @, c/ B2 S3 _- j6 J! Q4 @- o% I
许慎《说文》载：“古者乌曹作博。”乌曹是夏桀的臣子。最早在夏桀时，即发展出六博的游戏，《说文》称：“（六博）局戏也，六箸十二棋也。古者乌曹作簙。”
1 C9 H6 D' K" x* ^% P8 C《史记·殷本纪》上说，武帝乙“为偶人，谓之天神，与之博”。
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→春秋战国
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% [- n0 O8 |/ f! l. A" m. y" ^% l《列子·说符》载，大梁虞姓富户好博戏，每日开设博局招赌，四方赌徒闻风而来。 4 `6 r3 N t( o; Q. l% u
《史记·苏秦列传》殷本纪载齐国临淄“临淄之中七万户……其民无不吹笙、鼓瑟、击筑、弹琴、斗鸡、走犬、六博、踏鞠者。”。 5 l* s7 _0 h+ m) } e7 U: u+ @2 ~
《穆天子传》上说穆王“北入于邴，与井公博，三日而决” - ?2 Z* A9 E' p$ F$ P4 y% M/ {6 O' B
《史记·宋微子世家》记载渭公与大夫南宫万在外狩猎时作六博戏，双方发生冲突，渭公说南宫万曾作过俘虏，南宫万大怒，用六博盘砸死渭公。
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. X9 M l; u' o1 Q6 u ^《左传》载季氏斗鸡。
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→汉朝- K; `. [1 d& I# o+ D _
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汉武帝时，翮侯黄遂因赌被判处带刑具服苦役。另外两名翮侯张拾、蔡辟方也因赌被削爵，赌风稍有收敛
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→8 k- b B" Z" {8 L' h& ^
9 w0 `5 ^# q- v: a" ]& B9 ^晋朝
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; D* i8 F) m: i9 Y# z东晋谢安在淝水之战时，“命驾出山墅亲朋毕集，方与玄(谢玄)围棋赌别墅。安常棋劣于玄，是日玄惧，便为敌手而不胜。安顾谓其甥云：‘以墅乞汝’安遂游涉，至夜乃还。” 2 j6 G# N4 R& @$ ^- s# e; R3 b
→
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, O+ ~9 \, {9 r* a唐朝' S9 [1 l: J. X5 w2 r3 b+ r
. @. t+ F" _: P9 z( E唐朝流行叶子戏，是骨牌戏的一种。唐玄宗跟杨贵妃常玩“叶子戏”。《咸定录》载“咸通以来， 天下尚之”。至明朝时成为“马吊”，最终演化为“麻将牌”。 →! D& S v2 o0 G) ^% m! R8 P! M
7 Q1 w$ S ?# Y: `宋朝
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, z+ m& Y! p8 @) m% X北宋初年禁赌甚严，在京城Dubo者一律处斩，《宋史·太宗纪》载：太宗“淳化二年闰二月己丑，诏京城蒲博者，开封府捕之，犯者斩”。 ! E3 c* L% z5 @- q! {4 ]; a
苏轼在《奏议十四·乞降度牒修定禁军营房状》中指出：京城有“柜坊百余户”、“招军民Dubo”。宋西湖老人的《西湖老人繁盛录》载“中作夜场”，以“赌赛输赢”。- j9 |; j1 @) L
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《宋史·贾似道传》：“似道，少落魄，为游博，不事操行。 ”元兵南下，宋宋岌岌可危，“时襄阳围已急，似道日坐葛岭，起楼阁亭榭，取宫人娼尼有美色者为妾，日淫乐其中。惟故博徒日至纵博。”
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8 s1 m L7 G; L( r( s& F→
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辽、金
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辽道宗“晚年倦勤，用人不能自择，令各掷骰子，以彩胜者官之。”- ^9 C6 h0 `" B6 {# y: f
2 c8 {0 @; U' P1 d1 n% d% k) c& n) ^→; O; n" u: G# e5 `
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9 R2 \; V: Z/ w+ z/ F4 S9 S明朝
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% \' F% D4 n8 K7 y: m8 g明朝盛行马吊，王崇简《冬夜笺记》说：“士大夫好之（马吊），穷日累夜，若痴若狂。”文人士子多热衷此道，冯梦龙还写有《马吊牌经》。吴伟业的《绥冠纪略》认为明朝亡于马吊。
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→
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" Y5 s; |+ b. M: H4 G清朝
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《大清律例》中规定：“反Dubo，不分兵民，俱枷号两月”：凡民人“开场诱引Dubo，经旬累月，聚集无赖放头、抽头者，初犯杖一百，徒三年：再犯杖一百，流三千里”。
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康熙“莅位之初，即用为大禁。”“由是斗狠酗博之羌民，屏息而不敢出，内则五城衙巷市井之贼日稀，外则商旅恬安，宵行夜宿，少遭劫盗，田畴益治，并里宴眠”。 ; ?) O+ u, }( h! ~, v
9 p4 @) F9 E; a9 Z7 {% b* ^
雍正时对Dubo一再严禁，“日夜严缉”，史载“道路少响马及老瓜贼而商旅以宁，Dubo及造赌具者渐已改业而家室以安”。# f8 Y2 F0 W* P1 P
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清人吴文晖曾写有《赌徒》一诗：“相唤相互日征逐，野狐迷人无此酷，一场纵赌几家贫，后车推鉴前车覆。”
H: D4 x: O( U- T咸丰时，孝钦皇后嗜赌，经常与诸王福晋聚赌。沈梓称江浙一带“咸丰年赌风大盛”。《寇难琐记》亦称“Dubo之风，遍地盛行”。赵菁衫“嗜博成癖”，“一日不博，若荷重负”，赌技颇佳，“常胜不负，人至莫敢与角”[4]。 T& s0 `: c5 \* t
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洪秀全定都天京，颁布《太平刑律》，规定Dubo者处以极刑，当街绞死。 + H/ K+ u* ?, `7 k, h7 U. M5 e
1 [) l2 T0 n6 c- S汪兆镛形容澳门的赌风：“赌馆林立，皆层楼崇敞，光怪陆离”。
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同治、光绪年间，京师“遍九城皆有赌坊”。龚自珍嗜博，尤喜摇摊，“每战辄北，不三五次，资复全没”[5]。
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蒲松龄曾说：“天下之倾家者，莫速于赌；天下之败德者，亦莫甚于博”。+ S" ^8 _, I$ s" w1 r, x; p" m
, l$ L4 k: T. u4 y1 @张集馨《道咸宦海见闻录》记载一位赌徒名马书新，将家资赌尽。其妻之兄送她絮被，马又要以絮被作赌资。其妻不肯，被马用铡刀砍死。
4 v; Z- B; ^! r# I' N1 s7 j5 f吴炽昌《续客窗闲话》卷七《斗鹑》中说：“禽之善斗者，有鸡、有画眉、有鹌鹑。斗鸡，古法也，而今亡矣。南人好斗画眉，北人好斗鹌鹑，惟山右为甚。富室贵胄，遇有俊物，不惜重价购之。……示日开圈，鹑客麇集，挟资千万。” |8 r4 k5 f* l) `6 x5 O8 b
2 U0 A4 ?- K) N( z光绪年间有无名氏的《早回头·劝戒Dubo》道：“……见几个为Dubo家产败尽，见几个为Dubo灭了人伦，见几个为Dubo与人拼命，见几个为Dubo昧了良心，见几个为Dubo提刀弄棍，见几个为Dubo黑夜撬门。世上人听我劝回头速醒，自古道久赌饿神仙难赢。”
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6 {& T. k9 c Y0 u9 C. v中华民国
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鲁迅在《伪自由书·观斗》里说：“最普通的是斗鸡，斗蟋蟀，南方有斗黄头鸟，斗画眉鸟，北方有斗鹌鹑，一群闲人们围着呆看，还因此赌输赢。” $ b0 m ^( }/ c% O7 h
1930年胡适写《漫游的感想》感叹道：“男人以打麻将为消闲，女人以打麻将为家常，老太婆以打麻将为下半生的大事业 ! ”“我们走遍世界，可曾看到哪一个长进的民族、文明的国家肯这样荒时废业的！” _) d1 e+ F6 Q' |& I2 M
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