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本帖最后由 实习版主1 于 2018-6-21 14:46 编辑 4 r7 {8 _2 z! z5 W" l9 [
; ]4 Y( P. x8 c4 n' z4 k天朝博弈史
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3 R, v( F1 t# n! s% B博弈即Dubo，是人类最容易上瘾的行为之一。Dubo的工具可以是动物，有斗鸡、斗鹌鹑、斗画眉、斗鹪鹩、斗蟋蟀以及斗鸭、斗鹅，还有赛马、走狗等。也可以是棋牌类，如：六博、樗蒲、塞戏、弹棋、围棋、马吊、麻将、押宝、花会、字宝等。 - N) l) p! ^. }6 k7 K- O1 E
许慎《说文》载：“古者乌曹作博。”乌曹是夏桀的臣子。最早在夏桀时，即发展出六博的游戏，《说文》称：“（六博）局戏也，六箸十二棋也。古者乌曹作簙。”
# v8 P& a9 S7 M: g( \0 d" I/ a x《史记·殷本纪》上说，武帝乙“为偶人，谓之天神，与之博”。 ; u! }1 @, L2 U2 N9 j
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4 r( v# ~, r) K5 A→春秋战国; e9 b0 ~; b( g
5 o$ J" M; h( n8 K( H$ V) m《列子·说符》载，大梁虞姓富户好博戏，每日开设博局招赌，四方赌徒闻风而来。
5 K3 s9 o3 c" E& u) O3 A《史记·苏秦列传》殷本纪载齐国临淄“临淄之中七万户……其民无不吹笙、鼓瑟、击筑、弹琴、斗鸡、走犬、六博、踏鞠者。”。
: D" I; v! ~% {4 X《穆天子传》上说穆王“北入于邴，与井公博，三日而决”
2 Y* C" N5 b4 T [) {: M《史记·宋微子世家》记载渭公与大夫南宫万在外狩猎时作六博戏，双方发生冲突，渭公说南宫万曾作过俘虏，南宫万大怒，用六博盘砸死渭公。0 B( u: d) i- n+ G0 E
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《左传》载季氏斗鸡。
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→汉朝( f% T7 u% |# h
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汉武帝时，翮侯黄遂因赌被判处带刑具服苦役。另外两名翮侯张拾、蔡辟方也因赌被削爵，赌风稍有收敛
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2 ?* G- i! O- q- I→ w, H) ?% v$ Z) Q# \% x
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晋朝
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- q( Y* P# c. }! Q8 X8 c东晋谢安在淝水之战时，“命驾出山墅亲朋毕集，方与玄(谢玄)围棋赌别墅。安常棋劣于玄，是日玄惧，便为敌手而不胜。安顾谓其甥云：‘以墅乞汝’安遂游涉，至夜乃还。”
7 d6 w) H5 h4 j) i6 R; \8 _+ F→
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唐朝
1 I4 y4 Q, m, ~- M" I% A3 |# ~
7 A% H" [) k: \% T! v3 K8 j唐朝流行叶子戏，是骨牌戏的一种。唐玄宗跟杨贵妃常玩“叶子戏”。《咸定录》载“咸通以来， 天下尚之”。至明朝时成为“马吊”，最终演化为“麻将牌”。 →& A2 H7 ?/ B: Y0 x1 c
* L+ X5 L& l+ U宋朝
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$ s2 P) A* a0 \: H# ]1 ^: W北宋初年禁赌甚严，在京城Dubo者一律处斩，《宋史·太宗纪》载：太宗“淳化二年闰二月己丑，诏京城蒲博者，开封府捕之，犯者斩”。 1 y9 F& C- Q* {& Z
苏轼在《奏议十四·乞降度牒修定禁军营房状》中指出：京城有“柜坊百余户”、“招军民Dubo”。宋西湖老人的《西湖老人繁盛录》载“中作夜场”，以“赌赛输赢”。
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% S3 I3 W: u* o《宋史·贾似道传》：“似道，少落魄，为游博，不事操行。 ”元兵南下，宋宋岌岌可危，“时襄阳围已急，似道日坐葛岭，起楼阁亭榭，取宫人娼尼有美色者为妾，日淫乐其中。惟故博徒日至纵博。”$ S" d# N0 f' T8 Y' t" H
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→
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辽、金
% ?8 E+ J$ C! V, c- \" P& @( ~5 v4 g) R# H( h4 [" H5 M) _3 Y
辽道宗“晚年倦勤，用人不能自择，令各掷骰子，以彩胜者官之。”
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+ O' f1 m3 K( _3 q' z# t( X1 {: F# h% S/ G
明朝" m6 T$ W. _3 G( D4 |- A, s% z
4 g5 l. d4 a/ ?! h0 r明朝盛行马吊，王崇简《冬夜笺记》说：“士大夫好之（马吊），穷日累夜，若痴若狂。”文人士子多热衷此道，冯梦龙还写有《马吊牌经》。吴伟业的《绥冠纪略》认为明朝亡于马吊。
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→
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/ C' Q, w# O6 {( Y4 p清朝, W3 o. f1 O) _, R5 n- P
7 y* O- m0 l% @. q3 T) t: W y" Z《大清律例》中规定：“反Dubo，不分兵民，俱枷号两月”：凡民人“开场诱引Dubo，经旬累月，聚集无赖放头、抽头者，初犯杖一百，徒三年：再犯杖一百，流三千里”。 ; R/ M' G) {; @) r& @9 E& E9 N% Z
: H# e8 u; V) \
康熙“莅位之初，即用为大禁。”“由是斗狠酗博之羌民，屏息而不敢出，内则五城衙巷市井之贼日稀，外则商旅恬安，宵行夜宿，少遭劫盗，田畴益治，并里宴眠”。
; I: S/ N6 q5 u% T N5 V+ c4 u( y! C) g& t7 B4 z3 A
雍正时对Dubo一再严禁，“日夜严缉”，史载“道路少响马及老瓜贼而商旅以宁，Dubo及造赌具者渐已改业而家室以安”。( _- L6 Y' U, s) t6 _& P
2 i6 [4 U7 H9 k( H
清人吴文晖曾写有《赌徒》一诗：“相唤相互日征逐，野狐迷人无此酷，一场纵赌几家贫，后车推鉴前车覆。”
$ A- I! U1 ?2 z* I咸丰时，孝钦皇后嗜赌，经常与诸王福晋聚赌。沈梓称江浙一带“咸丰年赌风大盛”。《寇难琐记》亦称“Dubo之风，遍地盛行”。赵菁衫“嗜博成癖”，“一日不博，若荷重负”，赌技颇佳，“常胜不负，人至莫敢与角”[4]。% P6 v, v, D; Q5 y2 P
8 _1 L) E0 X. n2 f2 O. x. ~- ?
洪秀全定都天京，颁布《太平刑律》，规定Dubo者处以极刑，当街绞死。
2 i* V( s/ R8 y$ }+ A; x
; j/ o, ]. x% ]# }6 R汪兆镛形容澳门的赌风：“赌馆林立，皆层楼崇敞，光怪陆离”。
% N6 r& Y' R" p' U- H
& D0 {$ [8 t% g/ ?5 l N3 r0 O同治、光绪年间，京师“遍九城皆有赌坊”。龚自珍嗜博，尤喜摇摊，“每战辄北，不三五次，资复全没”[5]。 / G/ F6 m/ k) B
) H4 `' i. }* z3 G4 W: i9 ]
蒲松龄曾说：“天下之倾家者，莫速于赌；天下之败德者，亦莫甚于博”。
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9 P4 x, }8 y- d4 l' e张集馨《道咸宦海见闻录》记载一位赌徒名马书新，将家资赌尽。其妻之兄送她絮被，马又要以絮被作赌资。其妻不肯，被马用铡刀砍死。
+ [& E3 I: Z- Z. `吴炽昌《续客窗闲话》卷七《斗鹑》中说：“禽之善斗者，有鸡、有画眉、有鹌鹑。斗鸡，古法也，而今亡矣。南人好斗画眉，北人好斗鹌鹑，惟山右为甚。富室贵胄，遇有俊物，不惜重价购之。……示日开圈，鹑客麇集，挟资千万。”
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光绪年间有无名氏的《早回头·劝戒Dubo》道：“……见几个为Dubo家产败尽，见几个为Dubo灭了人伦，见几个为Dubo与人拼命，见几个为Dubo昧了良心，见几个为Dubo提刀弄棍，见几个为Dubo黑夜撬门。世上人听我劝回头速醒，自古道久赌饿神仙难赢。”
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中华民国
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鲁迅在《伪自由书·观斗》里说：“最普通的是斗鸡，斗蟋蟀，南方有斗黄头鸟，斗画眉鸟，北方有斗鹌鹑，一群闲人们围着呆看，还因此赌输赢。”
% ~$ o/ S+ h6 y* B5 e j7 A1930年胡适写《漫游的感想》感叹道：“男人以打麻将为消闲，女人以打麻将为家常，老太婆以打麻将为下半生的大事业 ! ”“我们走遍世界，可曾看到哪一个长进的民族、文明的国家肯这样荒时废业的！”
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