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本帖最后由 实习版主1 于 2018-6-21 14:46 编辑
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天朝博弈史
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博弈即Dubo，是人类最容易上瘾的行为之一。Dubo的工具可以是动物，有斗鸡、斗鹌鹑、斗画眉、斗鹪鹩、斗蟋蟀以及斗鸭、斗鹅，还有赛马、走狗等。也可以是棋牌类，如：六博、樗蒲、塞戏、弹棋、围棋、马吊、麻将、押宝、花会、字宝等。
* d5 l: `- s; o( [; w" w许慎《说文》载：“古者乌曹作博。”乌曹是夏桀的臣子。最早在夏桀时，即发展出六博的游戏，《说文》称：“（六博）局戏也，六箸十二棋也。古者乌曹作簙。” , {$ L8 @3 |- O- U. e! }8 c) e
《史记·殷本纪》上说，武帝乙“为偶人，谓之天神，与之博”。
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→春秋战国5 k+ u) F, _/ t
. G0 @( T2 l8 |* {《列子·说符》载，大梁虞姓富户好博戏，每日开设博局招赌，四方赌徒闻风而来。 7 N8 J6 y; `3 X/ b* j2 a- w
《史记·苏秦列传》殷本纪载齐国临淄“临淄之中七万户……其民无不吹笙、鼓瑟、击筑、弹琴、斗鸡、走犬、六博、踏鞠者。”。 5 o6 w* d) N- ]& O0 K+ z q
《穆天子传》上说穆王“北入于邴，与井公博，三日而决” 8 A8 z- V ?0 J$ C% \$ z
《史记·宋微子世家》记载渭公与大夫南宫万在外狩猎时作六博戏，双方发生冲突，渭公说南宫万曾作过俘虏，南宫万大怒，用六博盘砸死渭公。. k* q/ ?) B. v# B" l% ?
( w0 g$ F7 B7 F7 B《左传》载季氏斗鸡。
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+ L( b6 S% l# d2 {2 n3 r4 y→汉朝, d) y# E+ {* M8 K
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2 o( B4 r- F5 X+ @汉武帝时，翮侯黄遂因赌被判处带刑具服苦役。另外两名翮侯张拾、蔡辟方也因赌被削爵，赌风稍有收敛
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→
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晋朝
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- y6 r: C" \1 E+ u, R4 Z& L4 t东晋谢安在淝水之战时，“命驾出山墅亲朋毕集，方与玄(谢玄)围棋赌别墅。安常棋劣于玄，是日玄惧，便为敌手而不胜。安顾谓其甥云：‘以墅乞汝’安遂游涉，至夜乃还。” 4 n7 o( @9 C* m. q4 @6 q1 `
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# `6 v b/ i& i, K6 X唐朝
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) ?4 ^! y" s. Y- N. [8 k Q唐朝流行叶子戏，是骨牌戏的一种。唐玄宗跟杨贵妃常玩“叶子戏”。《咸定录》载“咸通以来， 天下尚之”。至明朝时成为“马吊”，最终演化为“麻将牌”。 →( X9 Q/ S! ]8 k9 T# J3 s
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宋朝
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% _* o3 ?' j5 N" w8 g; Z4 [, |北宋初年禁赌甚严，在京城Dubo者一律处斩，《宋史·太宗纪》载：太宗“淳化二年闰二月己丑，诏京城蒲博者，开封府捕之，犯者斩”。
2 a5 M# w2 l, w苏轼在《奏议十四·乞降度牒修定禁军营房状》中指出：京城有“柜坊百余户”、“招军民Dubo”。宋西湖老人的《西湖老人繁盛录》载“中作夜场”，以“赌赛输赢”。
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& X4 [* I; g. Z8 v# X《宋史·贾似道传》：“似道，少落魄，为游博，不事操行。 ”元兵南下，宋宋岌岌可危，“时襄阳围已急，似道日坐葛岭，起楼阁亭榭，取宫人娼尼有美色者为妾，日淫乐其中。惟故博徒日至纵博。” p8 D2 O5 ~3 t5 O3 R; G0 F
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辽、金2 i" }1 m0 ~( e0 ~
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辽道宗“晚年倦勤，用人不能自择，令各掷骰子，以彩胜者官之。”
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* J- ~; \ {4 f% J# O; k6 h3 v明朝
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}" c9 d( C6 |6 P明朝盛行马吊，王崇简《冬夜笺记》说：“士大夫好之（马吊），穷日累夜，若痴若狂。”文人士子多热衷此道，冯梦龙还写有《马吊牌经》。吴伟业的《绥冠纪略》认为明朝亡于马吊。; Z3 {/ T7 }$ T, u
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→
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& I7 Q4 {% m3 X) i* t清朝
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《大清律例》中规定：“反Dubo，不分兵民，俱枷号两月”：凡民人“开场诱引Dubo，经旬累月，聚集无赖放头、抽头者，初犯杖一百，徒三年：再犯杖一百，流三千里”。 0 y( T. a. d: O
0 e: C8 N; b" c7 | A& @. Q康熙“莅位之初，即用为大禁。”“由是斗狠酗博之羌民，屏息而不敢出，内则五城衙巷市井之贼日稀，外则商旅恬安，宵行夜宿，少遭劫盗，田畴益治，并里宴眠”。
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3 {) _3 e" _0 s( ~- [' F) W% p0 o; E雍正时对Dubo一再严禁，“日夜严缉”，史载“道路少响马及老瓜贼而商旅以宁，Dubo及造赌具者渐已改业而家室以安”。+ b9 `. s( Z; A9 i6 R6 y
: h2 B; m/ B* M清人吴文晖曾写有《赌徒》一诗：“相唤相互日征逐，野狐迷人无此酷，一场纵赌几家贫，后车推鉴前车覆。” . L. h7 c0 l" Q! a. r# U9 s: X$ a! p
咸丰时，孝钦皇后嗜赌，经常与诸王福晋聚赌。沈梓称江浙一带“咸丰年赌风大盛”。《寇难琐记》亦称“Dubo之风，遍地盛行”。赵菁衫“嗜博成癖”，“一日不博，若荷重负”，赌技颇佳，“常胜不负，人至莫敢与角”[4]。
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) R6 U" g0 f0 f+ i$ I# j% g洪秀全定都天京，颁布《太平刑律》，规定Dubo者处以极刑，当街绞死。 # f7 X$ }# g; J6 m9 Q: H5 u
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汪兆镛形容澳门的赌风：“赌馆林立，皆层楼崇敞，光怪陆离”。 , H, S0 Q! s4 v- e! ^) G7 a7 e
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同治、光绪年间，京师“遍九城皆有赌坊”。龚自珍嗜博，尤喜摇摊，“每战辄北，不三五次，资复全没”[5]。
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蒲松龄曾说：“天下之倾家者，莫速于赌；天下之败德者，亦莫甚于博”。: T: A/ O: v6 ~/ j& w) A6 j* y
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张集馨《道咸宦海见闻录》记载一位赌徒名马书新，将家资赌尽。其妻之兄送她絮被，马又要以絮被作赌资。其妻不肯，被马用铡刀砍死。 * c' B+ b3 _+ j, M1 h
吴炽昌《续客窗闲话》卷七《斗鹑》中说：“禽之善斗者，有鸡、有画眉、有鹌鹑。斗鸡，古法也，而今亡矣。南人好斗画眉，北人好斗鹌鹑，惟山右为甚。富室贵胄，遇有俊物，不惜重价购之。……示日开圈，鹑客麇集，挟资千万。”! M: x, s; C0 W5 |# D- x$ U$ T' H/ p
' Y0 Y8 G! Y! _) g0 I/ D光绪年间有无名氏的《早回头·劝戒Dubo》道：“……见几个为Dubo家产败尽，见几个为Dubo灭了人伦，见几个为Dubo与人拼命，见几个为Dubo昧了良心，见几个为Dubo提刀弄棍，见几个为Dubo黑夜撬门。世上人听我劝回头速醒，自古道久赌饿神仙难赢。”
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3 u& ^" e; _, _) V中华民国
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鲁迅在《伪自由书·观斗》里说：“最普通的是斗鸡，斗蟋蟀，南方有斗黄头鸟，斗画眉鸟，北方有斗鹌鹑，一群闲人们围着呆看，还因此赌输赢。”
' I5 f. @8 g& p: Z% |) ~$ b% U1930年胡适写《漫游的感想》感叹道：“男人以打麻将为消闲，女人以打麻将为家常，老太婆以打麻将为下半生的大事业 ! ”“我们走遍世界，可曾看到哪一个长进的民族、文明的国家肯这样荒时废业的！” ( ~ G9 H5 ^) O& B. c4 m
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