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本帖最后由 实习版主1 于 2018-6-21 14:46 编辑 3 d5 e$ T# ?! F& t
/ P* y v' i q$ H+ B天朝博弈史
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博弈即Dubo，是人类最容易上瘾的行为之一。Dubo的工具可以是动物，有斗鸡、斗鹌鹑、斗画眉、斗鹪鹩、斗蟋蟀以及斗鸭、斗鹅，还有赛马、走狗等。也可以是棋牌类，如：六博、樗蒲、塞戏、弹棋、围棋、马吊、麻将、押宝、花会、字宝等。 : m) g- Z# R2 \) Y) C. m
许慎《说文》载：“古者乌曹作博。”乌曹是夏桀的臣子。最早在夏桀时，即发展出六博的游戏，《说文》称：“（六博）局戏也，六箸十二棋也。古者乌曹作簙。”
$ y0 T. o, r0 `; j8 I) _8 p《史记·殷本纪》上说，武帝乙“为偶人，谓之天神，与之博”。 3 y4 q# x6 {; d7 b
4 a8 G3 L6 h5 n
: r; |2 x! b; l→春秋战国
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2 K7 F2 a% [- b6 e- z. p6 t J* a《列子·说符》载，大梁虞姓富户好博戏，每日开设博局招赌，四方赌徒闻风而来。 0 g& m+ h+ m7 g, R% I
《史记·苏秦列传》殷本纪载齐国临淄“临淄之中七万户……其民无不吹笙、鼓瑟、击筑、弹琴、斗鸡、走犬、六博、踏鞠者。”。 6 o$ R* ^8 H) Q: U7 R
《穆天子传》上说穆王“北入于邴，与井公博，三日而决” # d. r/ O4 ^9 R" X. i4 u
《史记·宋微子世家》记载渭公与大夫南宫万在外狩猎时作六博戏，双方发生冲突，渭公说南宫万曾作过俘虏，南宫万大怒，用六博盘砸死渭公。9 F& n' c& M2 L+ K; d" k. S, w
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《左传》载季氏斗鸡。
6 D# ?! ~4 m1 J& h2 {4 K, M1 a9 ?# ^4 N
→汉朝1 s& A/ K1 b! H
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2 q2 c/ B, C$ K0 A1 o汉武帝时，翮侯黄遂因赌被判处带刑具服苦役。另外两名翮侯张拾、蔡辟方也因赌被削爵，赌风稍有收敛$ j" O5 n) }4 i& Y. u% ~/ {. b
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→
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( C! M( O) j9 q0 r9 b+ w! {3 _晋朝
/ Y4 d' c7 d! J, t9 j% g# b& u
% Z! n# b% \& C# j6 u' b东晋谢安在淝水之战时，“命驾出山墅亲朋毕集，方与玄(谢玄)围棋赌别墅。安常棋劣于玄，是日玄惧，便为敌手而不胜。安顾谓其甥云：‘以墅乞汝’安遂游涉，至夜乃还。” 9 E; l8 }6 {7 E9 E, j5 b- B v. `; K) a
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唐朝
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唐朝流行叶子戏，是骨牌戏的一种。唐玄宗跟杨贵妃常玩“叶子戏”。《咸定录》载“咸通以来， 天下尚之”。至明朝时成为“马吊”，最终演化为“麻将牌”。 →5 w; C! m+ m5 q. X: N' m2 s( E
+ L B) B U* ~* ~
宋朝
2 z7 A9 \4 q& s3 k. K; G8 E3 n& f5 u: G" v: ~4 L6 O
北宋初年禁赌甚严，在京城Dubo者一律处斩，《宋史·太宗纪》载：太宗“淳化二年闰二月己丑，诏京城蒲博者，开封府捕之，犯者斩”。
; @1 k# b" f- y( {& e* A苏轼在《奏议十四·乞降度牒修定禁军营房状》中指出：京城有“柜坊百余户”、“招军民Dubo”。宋西湖老人的《西湖老人繁盛录》载“中作夜场”，以“赌赛输赢”。
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《宋史·贾似道传》：“似道，少落魄，为游博，不事操行。 ”元兵南下，宋宋岌岌可危，“时襄阳围已急，似道日坐葛岭，起楼阁亭榭，取宫人娼尼有美色者为妾，日淫乐其中。惟故博徒日至纵博。”! G' V. k0 l1 ~7 }5 @- M8 n
8 t: X. R j* u7 d3 X→0 h; ^, X( |4 n. [# I% P* A
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辽、金" V. A0 F( R% ~
% N* s) s- \# _3 y: E+ J辽道宗“晚年倦勤，用人不能自择，令各掷骰子，以彩胜者官之。”
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$ ~3 p5 H9 _ \, J7 X明朝& a8 L$ P, |7 D; D+ u7 Z" W
2 q4 F) W8 ~ D- U. e明朝盛行马吊，王崇简《冬夜笺记》说：“士大夫好之（马吊），穷日累夜，若痴若狂。”文人士子多热衷此道，冯梦龙还写有《马吊牌经》。吴伟业的《绥冠纪略》认为明朝亡于马吊。
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→
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清朝 v8 @" o" N( _1 H* W
5 w( c; Y$ ?9 B! Y* X6 D+ i《大清律例》中规定：“反Dubo，不分兵民，俱枷号两月”：凡民人“开场诱引Dubo，经旬累月，聚集无赖放头、抽头者，初犯杖一百，徒三年：再犯杖一百，流三千里”。 ; Z: J" Y( h8 o
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康熙“莅位之初，即用为大禁。”“由是斗狠酗博之羌民，屏息而不敢出，内则五城衙巷市井之贼日稀，外则商旅恬安，宵行夜宿，少遭劫盗，田畴益治，并里宴眠”。 9 V1 W0 I+ ^& @$ B# @
% ^7 p, T7 O7 L+ \2 b; P; \: `! {& _雍正时对Dubo一再严禁，“日夜严缉”，史载“道路少响马及老瓜贼而商旅以宁，Dubo及造赌具者渐已改业而家室以安”。
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- Z5 v4 A- e1 q0 E4 S5 D n清人吴文晖曾写有《赌徒》一诗：“相唤相互日征逐，野狐迷人无此酷，一场纵赌几家贫，后车推鉴前车覆。” . O+ j9 Q/ s# ~7 V5 j* C
咸丰时，孝钦皇后嗜赌，经常与诸王福晋聚赌。沈梓称江浙一带“咸丰年赌风大盛”。《寇难琐记》亦称“Dubo之风，遍地盛行”。赵菁衫“嗜博成癖”，“一日不博，若荷重负”，赌技颇佳，“常胜不负，人至莫敢与角”[4]。3 M6 d% Z4 ~4 y5 ^/ b7 v
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洪秀全定都天京，颁布《太平刑律》，规定Dubo者处以极刑，当街绞死。 ; O4 [% T& r+ w( y/ _
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汪兆镛形容澳门的赌风：“赌馆林立，皆层楼崇敞，光怪陆离”。
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同治、光绪年间，京师“遍九城皆有赌坊”。龚自珍嗜博，尤喜摇摊，“每战辄北，不三五次，资复全没”[5]。 ) Z: U" U& p6 K, X/ ?: ]
! Q, ?4 g2 Q1 i- m% @; E4 W% ]蒲松龄曾说：“天下之倾家者，莫速于赌；天下之败德者，亦莫甚于博”。/ B" n1 }3 X0 T4 U7 @9 e
8 t; w0 V. B9 \9 C# W+ }张集馨《道咸宦海见闻录》记载一位赌徒名马书新，将家资赌尽。其妻之兄送她絮被，马又要以絮被作赌资。其妻不肯，被马用铡刀砍死。
1 n# Q N3 W( i4 f x" @) Y4 F9 |吴炽昌《续客窗闲话》卷七《斗鹑》中说：“禽之善斗者，有鸡、有画眉、有鹌鹑。斗鸡，古法也，而今亡矣。南人好斗画眉，北人好斗鹌鹑，惟山右为甚。富室贵胄，遇有俊物，不惜重价购之。……示日开圈，鹑客麇集，挟资千万。”
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0 H b1 K) d: l) @光绪年间有无名氏的《早回头·劝戒Dubo》道：“……见几个为Dubo家产败尽，见几个为Dubo灭了人伦，见几个为Dubo与人拼命，见几个为Dubo昧了良心，见几个为Dubo提刀弄棍，见几个为Dubo黑夜撬门。世上人听我劝回头速醒，自古道久赌饿神仙难赢。”
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中华民国* _. g5 V& G+ b: ~% t4 `
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鲁迅在《伪自由书·观斗》里说：“最普通的是斗鸡，斗蟋蟀，南方有斗黄头鸟，斗画眉鸟，北方有斗鹌鹑，一群闲人们围着呆看，还因此赌输赢。” ' b9 N d% C) v2 E9 x" z
1930年胡适写《漫游的感想》感叹道：“男人以打麻将为消闲，女人以打麻将为家常，老太婆以打麻将为下半生的大事业 ! ”“我们走遍世界，可曾看到哪一个长进的民族、文明的国家肯这样荒时废业的！”
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